Quinine is a well-known alkaloid compound derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It has been historically used to treat malaria and is still found in tonic water, pharmaceuticals, and medical research. Understanding the molar mass of quinine is essential for its chemical analysis, pharmaceutical formulation, and industrial applications.
This topic explores the molar mass of quinine, its chemical properties, molecular structure, and various uses.
What is the Molar Mass of Quinine?
The molar mass of a compound is the total mass of one mole of its molecules, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). It is determined by summing the atomic masses of all elements in the molecular formula.
Molecular Formula of Quinine
The molecular formula of quinine is C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂.
Atomic Masses of Elements in Quinine
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Carbon (C): 12.01 g/mol
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Hydrogen (H): 1.008 g/mol
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Nitrogen (N): 14.01 g/mol
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Oxygen (O): 16.00 g/mol
Molar Mass Calculation
Thus, the molar mass of quinine is 324.41 g/mol.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Quinine
1. Basic Properties
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Chemical Name: Quinine
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Molecular Formula: C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂
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Molar Mass: 324.41 g/mol
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Appearance: White crystalline powder
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Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, highly soluble in alcohol and chloroform
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Taste: Bitter
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Melting Point: ~177°C
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Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
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Chemical Structure: Contains quinoline and quinuclidine rings
2. Solubility and Stability
Quinine is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves well in ethanol, chloroform, and other organic solvents. It is light-sensitive, meaning prolonged exposure to light can cause decomposition.
Uses of Quinine
1. Medical and Pharmaceutical Uses
Quinine has been widely used in medicine for centuries. Some of its key medical applications include:
a. Malaria Treatment
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Historically, quinine was the primary treatment for malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites.
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While modern synthetic antimalarial drugs are now preferred, quinine is still used in severe malaria cases.
b. Muscle Relaxant and Leg Cramp Relief
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Quinine is sometimes prescribed in small doses to treat nocturnal leg cramps.
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However, due to potential side effects, its use for cramps is limited in many countries.
c. Anti-Inflammatory and Pain Relief
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Quinine has mild analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
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It was traditionally used to relieve arthritis and fever.
2. Role in Beverages: Quinine in Tonic Water
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Quinine is a key ingredient in tonic water, giving it a distinct bitter taste.
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Originally, tonic water was consumed by British colonists as a preventative measure against malaria.
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Today, it is used in cocktails like the classic gin and tonic.
3. Industrial and Research Applications
Quinine also has non-medical applications, including:
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Fluorescence Studies – Quinine exhibits natural fluorescence and is used in UV light detection.
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Chemical Research – Used as a standard in fluorometry and molecular research.
Side Effects and Toxicity of Quinine
While quinine has medical benefits, excessive consumption can lead to side effects and toxicity, including:
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Cinchonism – Symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, and ringing in the ears (tinnitus).
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Allergic Reactions – In some individuals, quinine can cause rashes, swelling, or difficulty breathing.
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Cardiovascular Effects – High doses may lead to arrhythmia and low blood pressure.
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Hemolysis – In people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, quinine can trigger red blood cell breakdown.
Importance of Molar Mass in Pharmaceutical Science
The molar mass of quinine (324.41 g/mol) is crucial for:
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Dosage Calculations – Ensuring the right amount of quinine in medical formulations.
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Chemical Reactions – Precise measurements in pharmaceutical synthesis.
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Drug Stability – Understanding storage conditions and shelf life.
Quinine is a historically significant alkaloid with applications in medicine, beverages, and scientific research. Its molar mass of 324.41 g/mol is essential for pharmaceutical calculations and industrial processes. While quinine remains a valuable compound, it should be used with caution due to potential side effects and toxicity risks.
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